Was there a British ‘genocide’ of Aboriginal Australians?
07.06.2025 01:29
from slaughter..." Port Denison Times. 8 August 1868.
"It is a pity that even one of the black wretches was allowed to escape without being roasted alive which was too good for them. And now there they are the biggest villains of every tribe who were clever enough to escape summary vengeance- there they are pampered up at Flinders Island with food and clothing, and Robinson and Parson Dove to pray for them, while everything that money can do is lavished on innocent fiends that were leaders in the warfare against the settlers...If Robinson had left us alone we would soon have demolished them and left nothing but their bones to tell the tale." 1847, 16 years after the surrender of the last 26 Mairremmener Aboriginal People in eastern Tasmania, when it was proposed that the remaining 47 Aboriginal people on Flinders Island be allowed to return to Tasmania. Fenton. James. 2001 James Fenton of Forth: a Tasmanian pioneer 1820-1901: A collection of essays by and about James Fenton (1820-1901) his family and friends. Educare, Melbourne, pp. 201-02
1826.
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"...the shooting of blacks is spoken of as a matter of levity- indeed, it is considered a meritorious service to the State." Colonial Times. 2 July 1830.
"It is the duty of the Government to protect whites and blacks alike. It is also their duty to take the Aboriginal question in hand, and do something to prevent a war of extermination....It is a degradation to us that the blacks are left to die out, since we have taken possession of all their hunting grounds...In the name of our common humanity let us do justice, however tardy, to the natives of the soil, and save them, in spite of themselves, from utter extinction." Brisbane Courier. 1 June 1894. p. 6.
"...the number of orphans existing among the wild tribes is on the increase, and will be so long as the war of extermination now waged by several is carried on. It is not at all uncommon to try the range of a Terry breach-loader on a mob of blacks, or to hunt them like kangaroos for sport, or to exterminate them by the score without regard for serious or age. We are glad to hear of the likelihood of a criminal prosecution being instituted against one person not many hundred miles from Cardwell, who has gained an unenviable notoriety in this respect. In some places so great is the alarm excited in the Native mind, that they have in some instances ventured in upon the stations and offered to sell their children for a few pounds of flour or sugar, or a few articles of clothing, with the double intention of disencumbering themselves and saving their children
"Desperate diseases call for strong remedies, and while we would regret a war of extermination, we cannot but admit that there exists a stern, though maybe a cruel necessity for it." Dalby Herald. 13 November 1875. Richards 202.
What they do is deny the existence of the 350–400 Aboriginal Peoples, each with their own language, beliefs, patterns of kinship and descent, and roll them all into this amorphous heading ‘Aborigines’, and then deny they there was genocidal intent against this mythical Aborigines people.
Decimation "...the one, the only remedy and redress." Shanahan. Queenslander, 12 December 1896. Richards 203.
"The depredations committed upon them by the white people have been carried on for many years and has been upon so large a scale the slaughter has been so indiscriminate and attended with such heart rendering and unheard acts of barbarity that it is impossible to describe them. These acts are never published in the papers, but are recounted by the perpetrators and are made the subject of exultation- when the killing of from two to twenty blacks is spoken of without the least remorse." Barnes to Aboriginal Committee. 10 March 1830. TAHO. CSO1/323, p. 300.
January 1868. p. 3.
"That force (NMP) was constantly shooting down persons against whom no charge was brought. It was generally admitted that the Native Police were used and maintained as a force for the extermination of the blacks." Debate in the Queensland Legislative Assembly. Brisbane Courier. 16
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"This pacification must necessarily be a work of time, and it is to be hoped, now that the task has bee entered upon, that it may not be frustrated by the reckless brutality of some party of white men...who see fit to continue the war of extermination." Brisbane Courier. 1 December 1880. p. 2.
"...about to enter upon a war of extermination, for such I apprehend is the intended o jet of the present operation." Joseph Gellibrand Tasmanian. 24 September 1830
"Many of the officers (of the NMP) are but young, hot-headed men, who from habit, and perhaps from nature, think no more of shooting a black- fellow than a pigeon. They hold a theory that an offence committed by one portion of a tribe should be wiped out by wholesale slaughter of as many of the first party they can come across as the troopers can shoot down, and they see nothing wrong in the act." Editorial. Port Denison Times. 23 September 1865. B.
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Two courses open "...either to abandon our property, or to fight it out to the bitter end in a war of wholesale extermination." Biralee. Queenslander.
"Whole hetatombs" of Aboriginal people had occurred. Remnant Aboriginal people were "...a mournful sight- about thirty male survivors out of all that tribe, which not long ago could be numbered by the hundreds, and dates back to the days of its misfortune and decimation to the introduction, not of the bottle, but of the rifle (which is the quickest?) when the Native Police, to use the words of an eye-witness, visited the public house after their work at the shambles, 'the heels of their boots covered with brains and blood and hair'." Port Denison Times. 17 April 1869.
"It is the fashion usually, to speak of these poor people as 'aborigines': the idea meant to be conveyed being that they are a relic, so to speak, of the past, intruders in the path of the white man, and to be improved from the face of the earth accordingly. The argument seems to be, that God never intended them to live long in the land in which He had placed them. Therefore, say the white man, in his superiority of strength and knowledge, away with them, disperse them, shoot and poison them, until there is none remaining; we may utterly destroy them, their wives and little ones, and all that they have, and we will go in and possess the land. This is no rhapsody or overstatement, but represents in words, the actual policy which has been pursued towards the natives of the Australian colonies, and which is being acted upon vigorously in Queensland to- day." George Carrington. Colonial Adventures and Experiences, Bell and Daldy, London, 1871. pp. 143-44.
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"...unless the blacks are exterminated or removed, it is plainly proved; by fatal and sanguinary experience, that all hope of their ceasing their aggressions, is the height of absurdity... In the name of Heavan is it not high time to resort to strong and decisive measures?" Colonial Advocate (Tasmania) 1 May 1828.
Here’s proof. A half a century worth of white fella confessions.
"...firearms have the effect of making the most savage blacks perfectly quiet." A Wandering Philosopher. 'What the Blacks are Good for.' The Queenslander 17 January 1874. Richards 204.
"Everybody in the district is delighted with the wholesale slaughter dealt out by the native police, and thank Mr Uhr for his energy in ridding the district of fifty-nine (59) myalls." Brisbane Courier. 9 June 1868. In Bottoms. p. 107.
"How did the squatters manage, before a Native Mounted Policeman was dreamt of? The answer is simple, they protected themselves. But at what cost! At the sacrifice of many valuable lives, and an occasional raid upon the aborigines, who, were driven to desperation by the gradual
Rather than give it (MNP) a perpetuity of existence, our legislators had far better accord to the pioneer squatters the privilege of self defence, for we believe the interests of humanity- and Christianity too- would be more effectively furthered by this means than the present detestable method of hiring treacherous savages to slay those of their own race and colour. The most sincere philanthropist must foresee that extermination- the inevitable fate of all such irreclaimable races- awaits the Australian aborigine, but it is culpable in us to further and countenance by governmental authority the speedier consummation of this terrible doom." The Native Police. Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser. 4 April 1861. p.4.
"...it was a favourite amusement to hunt aborigines...Sometimes they would return without sport: at other times they would succeed in killing a woman, or, if lucky, maybe a man or two." Roth H I. 1899. The Aborigines of Tasmania. F King and Sons. Halifax. p. 172.
"Extermination is the the word- wholesale massacre of men, women and children...These terrible razzias (plundering raids) occurring in the remote back settlements and pastures, are for the most part ignored by the local authorities- crown land commissioners, police magistrates, and others, or else considered justified negrocide." Residence and Rambles in Australia. Blackwoods Magazine. September 1852 (Vol 72.) p. 304.
"Before there were any complaints against the blacks in the district, the conduct of the native police was characterised by the grossest cruelty, the most oppressive and exasperating acts, inspiring a feeling of hatred, the desire for revenge, which the conduct of many whites has rather tended to inflame than to soothe or allay." Charles Dutton, squatter. Sydney Morning Herald. 3 February 1861. B.
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"...private persons go out and kill blacks, and call it 'snipe shooting. Awkward words are always avoided, you will notice. 'Shooting a snipe' sounds better than 'murdering a black man'. But the blacks were never called men and women and children; 'myalls', and 'niggers', and 'gins', and 'piccaninies' seem further removed from humanity." Alleged Outrages Committed on the Aborigines in Queensland by the Native Mounted Police. QV&P. Vol 1. 1875. p. 623.
"...the only remedy is their total annihilation..." Hudspeth to Aboriginal Committee. 16 March 1830. Tasmanian Archive and Heritage Office (TAHO). CSO1/323, p. 331.
"Very recently in the presence of two clergymen, a man of education narrated, as a good thing, that he had been one of a party who had pursued the blacks in consequence of the cattle having been rushed....and he was sure they shot upwards of a hundred. When postulated with, he maintained that there was nothing wrong in it, that it was preposterous to suppose they had souls. In this way he was joined by another educated person present..." Evans R. Against the Grain: Colonialism and the Demise of the Bunya Gatherings. 1839-1939. Queensland Review, Vol 9. No 2. 2002. p. 51.
Any straight men had a gay experience in the past? What was it and how did you feel?
”Each of the 350–400 Aboriginal tribes/People was subject to genocide in their turn. Entire Peoples were exterminated. Genocides were completed. Many tribes/Peoples were completely exterminated. This was intentional.”
"All the old settlers dexterously avoid allusion to the wholesale 'drives' made by squatters in days of yore. They, the old foxes, know that the moment pioneer settlers are left to protect themselves, a war of extermination commences. In fact, the native police do not get rid of the darkies quick enough for the sly old hypocrites; and if the Native Police is done away with, Lord help the blacks." Dalby Herald. 2 November 1867. Roberts 203.
Extermination:
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"...for muddled with sleep, sore-footed, weary and panic-stricken they offered no resistance, and many of them were 'wiped out' before they could gain their feet. Talk of the "Furies of Hell', that night's work amongst the myalls with the white man's rifle and tomahawk would make 'Hell's Furies' blush. How those gins and kiddies shrieked when we were amongst them. The blood of the white man was up and nothing with a black hide escaped death that night...for when we had finished our work and drawn off, and in daylight came to view the white man's work of vengeance, bucks, gins and piccaninnies were lying dead in all directions, and not a thing moved or breathed." H7H. Townsville Herald. 2 February 1907. In Robbins p. 170.
"Extermination raids were justified as setting the tone, so that more kindly ways could follow." Richards. 203.
"If you cannot (capture them)...I say boldly and broadly, exterminate!" Solicitor General Alfred Stephen. Tasmanian. 24 September 1830
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"...the exterminating zeal, of some, may engender the success and safety of others." Launceston Advertiser. 28 March 1831.
"...retribution, deep and lasting, not only upon the perpetrators of the deeds, should they come within our power, but upon the whole race." Independent. 24 September 1831
"...it is the practice by many Squatters to herd their cattle with Gins and this has been the custom for a great many years. When I first took charge here I made enquiries on the subject and was informed that in the early days of settlement the male Aboriginals had nearly been exterminated and that the Gins to prevent them from spearing had been utilised as Stockmen." Inspector A Douglas to Police Commissioner, 4 October 1892. QSA, COL/A713, 92/12790. In Bottoms p. 93.
"...it was a practice with some stock-keepers to get the men into the huts and cut off their penis and testicles with a knife." Plomley. NJB (ed) 2008 Friendly mission: the Tasmanian journals and papers of George Augustus Robinson, 1829-1834. 2nd edition, Quintus, Hobart. p. 629.
'...a war of extermination...the recent proclamation of Martial Law...does not speak this out in very clear terms, but it is to be the practical effect of it." Edward Curr to Directors of the Van Diemen's Land Company, 17 3 January 1829.
"...once in pursuit, with the murder of a Colonist fresh in their memory, the people will kill, destroy, and if possible exterminate every black in the island." Colonial Times. 8 December 1826.
"The inhabitants of Maryborough- who not long since delighted to honour a Native Police Lieutenant to such an extent as to present him with a 'handsome cavalry sword' for shooting or capturing a blackfellow or two-
Correspondent from the Fitzroy River. Ray and Richter, Geelong, 1859, p. 69. In Robbins p. 47.
"....the districts lying between Cairns and Georgetown, where...the blacks are being decimated, and by Government servants in the shape of black troopers and their masters, whose 'dispersion' of Aboriginals in particular localities has simply come to mean their slaughter. He speaks of men being kept for the sole purpose of hunting and killing the aborigines; he gives instances of their camps being surrounded, and men, women and children massacred for killing cattle, when, through the white man's presence, they could no longer find game; and he tells in detail one story of an extermination of a camp simply because some blacks had been seen passing a mining station where nothing had been stolen for months. Roundly he charges the 'grass dukes' and their subordinates with 'murdering, abducting children for immoral purposes, the stock whipping defenceless girls, and he condemns each Government that comes into power for winking at the slaughter of our black fellow subjects of the Queen as an easy way of getting rid of the native question. The Northern Miner asserts that the picture is not overdrawn, and that the atrocities mentioned have even been exceeded. It refers to squatters branding blacks, keeping harems of Gins, and finding their slaughtering record no bar to advancement to high office in the State. The black trooper system is, in the view of this paper, legalised murder, which reckons the life of a bullock of more account than that of a score of blackfellows." Brisbane Courier. Saturday 15 September 1888. p. 7.
"...to exterminate the whole race of
"...the war must be a war of extermination...the present warfare of the stock-keepers is infinitely more one of extermination than the present one will be." Dr Adam Turnbull. Tasmanian. 24 September 1830
"...the custom that has been almost universal amongst certain Settlers and their servants, whenever the Natives have visited their neighbourhoods, to consider the men as wild beasts whom it is praiseworthy to hunt down and destroy, and the women as only fit to be used for the worst purpose." Colonial Times.2 July 1830.
Disregard other answer. they either deny the undeniable or they fall into the classic white racist Australian faux pas. Sorry for being blunt but I have zero tolerance for my fellow white Aussies.
'...we are all perfectly aware that the blacks must be kept in check and that the only way to do that is to shoot pretty freely now and then." Queenslander. 31 March 1877. Roberts. 204.
"The habit of regarding natives as vermin, to be cleared off the face of the earth, has given to the average Queenslander a tone of brutality and cruelty in dealing with blacks which is very difficult for anyone who does not know it, as I do, to realise." Arthur Gordon to British PM Gladstone. 20 April 1883.
"...a pickle tub in which he put the ears of all the blacks he shot." Roth. H L. 1899. Aborigines of Tasmania. F King and Sons, Halifax. p. 172.
"My whole and sole object was to kill them, and this because my full conviction was and is that the laws of nature and of God and of this country all inspired to render this my duty...As to my expression of a wish to have three of their heads to put on the Ridge of the hut, I shall only say that I think it would have the effect of deterring some of their comrades, of making the death of their companions live in their recollections." Edward Curr to Directors of the Van Diemen's Land Company re. his offering a bounty of spirits to his men for bringing him the heads of three Aboriginal people, 7 October 1830.
"We are a generous Christian people- we take our continent from its first possessors and pay them with the curses of our civilisation (without its
"I think that if the Native Police are left to pursue a wholesale system of extermination, and keep the blacks from all contact with the whites, that you may protect the lives of the white population, but at great sacrifice- and I believe an unjust sacrifice- of the lives of the aborigines." Sir Maurice O'Connell, President of the Qld Upper House, QV&P. Vol 1. 1861.
"The whites could not be bothered to make friends with the blacks, and used their rifles as the least troublesome method of keeping the quiet. The race war so commenced has been continued to the present day...the whites lost no opportunity of sending a rifle bullet after every blackfellow they saw...Nothing short of absolute extermination would, under our present system, have sufficed to make the country safe, and although the wholesale and immediate extirpation of the race would have been a more merciful plan than the bit by bit shooting down we actually practise, it could not be carried out." Brisbane Courier. 26 November 1880. p. 2.
"... war of extermination is the only policy to pursue, the alternative being the abandonment of the country, which no sane man will advocate for an instance." Brisbane Courier. 31 March 1866. p. 3.
"In occupying country, it is necessary to subjugate the blacks, and the most merciful way of doings this, in the long run, is to treat them with severity at first. If they attempt to kill the whites, or to wage war against us, they must be shot down." Darling Downs Gazette. 21 November 1861. Roberts 204.
Forrest, John, Sir. WA Premier 1890. "I do not think anyone in the House would approve of a lot of armed Native trackers going through the country shooting Natives indiscriminately, where they found them- men, women and children." Western Australia Parliamentary Debates 5 (1893) 1064. The Forrest River in the Kimberleys was named after John Forrest. The Forrest River Massacre 1923. Up to 300 Aboriginal Peoples slaughtered by death squads composed of police and pastoralists. See The Man From Sunrise Side for long term impact and fear that the massacres created in local Aboriginal people.
are now becoming indignant at the conduct of another Lt who, together with his troopers, has lately made an onslaught on the aborigines, and is said to have massacred the inmates of a camp indiscriminately. Whatever may be the actual circumstances of the case, we know positively that a slaughter has lately taken place...and if half the horrors described as attendant upon it have any foundation in fact, civilisation has been again disgraced by a cowardly and cold-blooded deed. It is reported that some 30 to 35 blacks- including men, women and children- have been butchered- there is no other term for it- by a detachment of native police, and it is further stated that this detachment was under the command of Lieut. Murray...
Isis Downs. "It was estimated that over 150 myalls 'bit the dust' that morning, and unfortunately many women and children shared the same fate. In that wild, yelling, rushing mob it was hard to avoid shooting the women and babies, and there were men in that mob of whites who would ruthlessly destroy anything possessing a black hide." and in a second massacre...
"It is the duty of the officers, at all times and opportunities, to disperse any large assembly of blacks....without unnecessary violence." Gazetted Regulation number 31 for the NMP 1866?
"...no other chance of obtaining peace than (by) annihilation of the whole race." Brown to Aboriginal Committee. 5 February 1830. TAHO, CSP1/323 pp. 125-26 In Clements, Nicholas. 2014. The Black War: fear, sex and resistance in Tasmania. UQ Press. St Lucia. p. 45.
EXE/E14, minute 64 of 1866.
disappearance of those of a fierce nature upon which they depended for food, took to eating the squatter's cattle and sheep, and murdering the whites whom they looked upon as aggressors. It was a war of cruel extermination on one hand, and of dire retaliation on the other." Editorial. Darling Downs Gazette. 8 March 1861.
"This horrible outrage will, of course, provoke a bitter retaliation and scores of blacks will pay the penalty of death for the murder of the brothers Macquarie, without regard to whether they were sharers in the crime or to anything but the color of their skin, and so the war of savage out rage on the one side, and extermination on the other, goes on." Brisbane Courier. 15 February 1877. p. 2. (The Macquarie brothers were, in all likelihood, murdered by whites for their gold.)
p. 83. Questions and responses. As the Government Resident of Port Curtis, O'Connell had seen NMP troopers drag a frightened Aboriginal man from under O'Connell's bed and execute him in front of his home.
"If as a colony we should indulge in wholesale murder of the race we are dispossessing, let us have the courage of our opinions and murder openly and deliberately- calling it murder, not "dispersal".' White versus Black by Outis. Queenslander. 15 May 1880.
"Mr McCabe's party was attacked a short time since, and man speared. The Native Police followed them up, and it is said, killed 23. Plunder is, of course, their object, but they will take the life of a white man whenever they can do it with impunity. Hence a constant warfare and extermination will, of course, be the result." The private diary of Captain John Coghlan Fitzgerald RN, HMS Calliope, 19 April 1854, one month after John Murray's death squad had executed four Aboriginal men on the Calliope River in cold blood. Private Diary, Capt. John Coghlan Fitzgerald. 25 June 1853-16 June 1855. National Maritime Museum. London.
"The Cook district is a case in point. For four years a war of extermination has been waged against the blacks. Not only the Native troopers, but each white man carrying a rifle, tries its range on every blackfellow he sees." Brisbane Courier. 14 December 1877. p. 2.
Frontiesmen "thought little or nothing of destroying the men for the sake of carrying to their huts the females of the tribe." Melville. Henry, The history of Van Diemen's Land from the year 1824 to 1835. G Mackaness (ed) Horwitz Grahame. Sydney, 1965 pp. 31-32.
"The duties towards the Aborigines form in this country another branch
"We make no pompous display of Philanthropy- we say unequivocally, SELF DEFENCE IS THE FIRST LAW OF NATURE, THE GOVERNMENT MUST REMOVE THE NATIVES- IF NOT, THEY WILL BE HUNTED DOWN LIKE WILD BEASTS, AND DESTROYED." Colonial Times. 11 November
"...our sable brethren...seem to be rapidly losing a portion of that dread, we may say awe, of the white man, which is so great a safeguard to us, and, we may add, to them as without it we should be compelled to enter upon a war of extermination, or to abandon the country." Argus. 20 August 1866. p. 6.
5 June 1880.
Referring to Frederick Wheeler, he "...knows well enough that the force is a work of extermination, and that, to carry out this object efficiently, it is necessary to avoid operations in the presence of those whose evidence would be admissible in cases of awkward exposure, when a hempen necklace might be the reward of the arch-perpetrator. And this is the force that the committee seeks to perpetuate." The Courier. Brisbane. 25 July 1861. p. 2.
"Can it be that we are to suffer these people to destroy our Fellow Colonists, and is the Government to sit down supinely and view this destruction calmly and preach conciliation? No! rather let the sentence be extermination." Launceston Advertiser, 7 February 1831.
blacks in that quarter." Resolution of squatters before the Myall Creek massacre. 1838.
"...on several occasions (he) heard men declare that they thought no more of shooting a Black than bringing down a bird..." and that "...it was common enough to hear men talk of the number of black crows they had destroyed..." Bonwick. J. 1870. The Last of the Tasmanians, or The Black War of Van Diemen's Land. S Low, Son and Marston. London. pp. 57-58.
"Private individuals illegally accomplished more genocidal outcomes than did the state via its military, police and Native Police forces, but the state was complicit, via its failure to prosecute Europeans for the killing, kidnapping and injuring of Aborigines." Evans. Ray. 'Australia's killing fields' Courier Mail. 4 June 2002.
Shepherds would "...ravish the (natives) wives and daughters...and set up their children as targets to shoot at." Plomley. op cit p. 100.
"The ordinary relation between the black and the white races is that of war of the knife. The atrocities on both sides are perfectly horrible, and I do not believe the Government makes any effort to stop the slaughter of the aborigines. A Native police force is indeed actively engaged, but exclusively against the blacks who are shot down...I believe the blacks retaliate wherever they can...." Sinnet. F. An Account of the 'Rush' to Port Curtis, Including Letters Addressed to the Argus as Special
So, take a step back and restate your thesis. It will sound more like this:
Of a rise in violence in the mid 1820's "The main reasons for this were revenge, killing for sport, sexual desire for women and children, and the suppression of the native threat." Clements, Nicholas. 2014. The Black War: fear, sex and resistance in Tasmania. UQ Press. St Lucia. p. 49.
The Queensland government "had never followed a policy of extermination in dealing with blacks. Their policy had been one of repression." Colonial Secretary Arthur Palmer to Parliament quoted in the Queenslander. 22 June 1872.
"...barbarity of a race which no kindness can soften, and which nothing short of utter annihilation can subdue." Launceston Advertiser, 18 September 1831
of absolute duties. These duties are commands given for purposes of public policy to all persons, requiring them to observe certain forbearances in respect to those natives. That is, the Aborigines are the objects to which the prescribed forebearances apply, but they are not the third parties for whose benefit the forbearance is intended. They are in the same position as the lower animals in whose behalf the law in certain circumstances thinks fit to interpose." Hearn W H. 1883. The Theory of Legal Duties and Rights: An Introduction to Analytical Jurisprudence. Government Printer. Melbourne. p. 60.
"...perhaps if the truth were spoken the means of getting rid of them are similar too." Edward Palmer, pioneer, referring to treatment of Aboriginal people in NSW, Vic and Tasmania. The Queenslander. 25 July 1874. Roberts 205.
It’s like Professor Marcia Langton once said, ‘I’m not an Aboriginal, I’m Bidjara and Jiman.”
"...Extermination seems to be the only remedy." Colonial Times. 27 August 1830.
"...that unless means are devised to making them prisoner...or, otherwise exterminating the race, the country must be abandoned." George Boyes. In P Chapman. (ed) The Diaries and Letters of GTWB Boyes, Volume One, 1820-1832. Oxford University Press. Melbourne, 1985, p. 378.
attendant alleviation) with an annual blanket and with what is, perhaps, under such circumstances a real boon- the annihilation of their race." Moreton Bay Courier. Saturday. 3 April 1858.
"The truth is that, in any rate in pastoral countries, there is a never ceasing war between the settler and the Native but it is not by regular war that Aboriginal races can be exterminated. The settler finds the means surer and more inglorious. He imbibed a hatred for the whole Native race, and learns to treat them as wild beasts, to be hunted down wherever found- as vermin to be exterminated without mercy wherever caught. He employs them in a task congenial to savages- the destruction of each other." Aboriginal Protection Society. (from the Times) Brisbane Courier. 25 March 1865. Richards 201-2.
"The blacks were shot down" in Tasmania, and "almost exterminated in the settled districts of New South Wales and Victoria- often by wholesale massacres." Native Police. 7 November 1866. Executive Council Minute,
"The idea of vengeance, when fused with racism, produced flashes of extremism, as is, for example, the calls for extermination." Richards, Jonathon, The Secret War. p. 202.